Comparison of soil invertebrate communities in organic and conventional production systems in Southern Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25674/so92iss2pp143Keywords:
macrofauna, mesofauna, earthworms, enchytraeids, soil managementAbstract
Invertebrates play important functional roles in soils, affecting several essential ecosystem services. However, their populations are sensitive to disturbance, and are therefore often used as bioindicators of soil quality. Conservation agriculture covers extensive areas in Brazil, and organic production techniques have been rapidly spreading, but little is known regarding their impacts on belowground invertebrate communities. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of different land-use and management systems on macro- and mesofauna communities in rural areas near Quitandinha, Southern Brazil. Samples were taken in a native forest (NF), organic (OH) and conventional horticulture farms (CH) and a conventional reduced tillage field (RT). Soil macrofauna and earthworms were collected by hand sorting, using the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) method, and mesofauna were collected using a modified Berlese funnel apparatus. Enchytraeids were sampled using the standard ISO 23611-3 method. Six earthworm species were found, in the genera Glossoscolex and Amynthas as well as Ocnerodrilidae juveniles and an unidentified species. Four genera of enchytraeids were found, two of them cosmopolitan (Fridericia, Enchytraeus) and two native (Guaranidrilus, Hemienchytraeus). Soil tillage practices (in CH and OH) were associated with lower earthworm populations, while ants, spiders, ecosystem engineers and enchytraeids were more associated with organic fertilization and no pesticide use. Conventional systems (RT and CH) had lower macrofauna, enchytraeid and ant populations than NF and OH, and CH had the lowest richness of both macro- and mesofauna, as well as the lowest abundance of earthworms, spiders, fly larvae and “other” macro and mesofauna. Reduced tillage had higher earthworm and mite populations, while NF had the highest macrofauna and earthworm taxonomic richness and termite abundance. Reducing tillage in OH and CH may improve conditions for soil fauna, but further work is still needed to determine the best suite of management practices that promote soil fauna and their contributions to soil function and ecosystem services in these systems.
Downloads
References
Adhikari, K. & A. E. Hartemink (2016): Linking soils to ecosystem services – A global review. – Geoderma 262: 101–111.
Alvares, C. A., J. L. Stape, P. C. Sentelhas, J. L. De Moraes Gonçalves & G. Sparovek (2014): Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. – Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22: 711–728.
Anderson, J. M. & J. S. I. Ingram (1993): Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility: A handbook of methods, 2 ed. – Oxford University Press, Oxford: 240 pp.
Aquino, A. M., M. S. Ricci & A. S. Pinheiro (2000): Avaliação da macrofauna do solo em café orgânico e convencional utilizando um método modificado do TSBF. – In: Anais da Fertbio 2000: Biodinâmica do solo: Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo and Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CD-ROM: 1–3.
Aquino, A. M., M. E. F. Correa & M. V. Alves (2008): Diversidade da macrofauna edáfica no Brasil. – In: Moreira, F. M. S., J. O. Siqueira & L. Brussaard (eds): Manual de biologia dos solos tropicais: amostragem e caracterizacão da biodiversidade. – UFLA, Lavras: 143–170.
Ayuke, F. O., J. Kihara, G. Ayaga & A. N. Micheni (2019). Conservation agriculture enhances soil fauna richness and abundance in low input systems: examples from Kenya. – Frontiers in Environmental Science 7: 97.
Barros, E., M. Grimaldi, M. Sarrazin, A. Chauvel, D. Mitja, T. Desjardins & P. Lavelle (2004): Soil physical degradation and changes in macrofaunal communities in Central Amazon. – Applied Soil Ecology 26: 157–168.
Bartz, M. L. C., G. G. Brown, A. Pasini, R. Ralisch, P. Curmi, J. Dorioz & J. O. Fernandes (2009): Earthworm communities in organic and conventional coffee cultivation. – Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44: 928–933.
Bartz, M. L. C., G. G. Brown, M. G. da Rosa, O. K. Filho, S. W. James, T. Decaëns & D. Baretta (2014): Earthworm richness in land-use systems in Santa Catarina, Brazil. – Applied Soil Ecology 83: 59–70.
Bartz, M. L. C., A. Pasini & G. G. Brown (2013): Earthworms as soil quality indicators in Brazilian no-tillage systems. – Applied Soil Ecology 69: 39–48.
Bedano, J. C. & A. Domínguez (2016): Large-scale agricultural management and soil meso- and macrofauna conservation in the Argentine Pampas. – Sustainability 8: 653-678.
Bender, S. F., C. Wagg & M. G. A. van der Heijden (2016) An underground revolution: biodiversity and soil ecological engineering for agricultural sustainability. – TREE 31: 440–452.
Bettiol, W., R. Ghini, J. A. H. Galvão, M. A. V. Ligo & J. L. C. Mineiro (2002): Soil organisms in organic and conventional cropping systems. – Scientia Agricola 59: 565–572.
Beylich, A., H. R. Oberholzer, S. Schrader, H. Höper & B. M. Wilke (2010): Evaluation of soil compaction effects on soil biota and soil biological processes in soils. – Soil and Tillage Research 109: 133–143.
Blakemore, R. J. (2010): Cosmopolitan earthworms – an eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world, 4 ed. – VermEcology, Yokohama: 750 pp.
Brown, G. G. & S. W. James (2007): Ecologia, biodiversidade e biogeografia das minhocas no Brasil. – In: Brown, G. G. & C. Fragoso (eds): Minhocas na América Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. – Embrapa Soja, Londrina: 297–381.
Brown, G. G., A. Pasini, N. P. Benito, A. M. Aquino & M. E. F. Correia (2001): Diversity and functional role of soil macrofauna communities in Brazilian no-tillage agroecosystems: A preliminary analysis. – In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems - UNU/CBD, Montreal, 2001. Available at: http://unu.edu/env/plec/cbd/abstracts/Brown.
Brown, G. G., N. P. Benito, A. Pasini, K. D. Sautter, M. D. F. Guimarães & E. Torres (2003): No-tillage greatly increases earthworm populations in Paraná state, Brazil. – Pedobiologia 47: 764–771.
Brown, G. G., S. W. James, A. Pasini, D. H. Nunes, N. P. Benito, P. T. Martins & K. D. Sautter (2006): Exotic, peregrine, and invasive earthworms in Brazil: Diversity, distribution, and effects on soils and plants. – Caribbean Journal of Science 42: 339–358.
Brown, G. G., E. Silva, M. J. Thomazini, C. C. Niva, T. Decaëns, L. F. N. Cunha, H. Nadolny, W. C. Demetrio, A. Santos, T. Ferreira, L. S. Maia, A. C. Conrado, R. F. Segalla, A. C. Ferreira, A Pasini, M. L. C. Bartz, K. D. Sautter, S. W. James, D. Baretta, Z. I. Antoniolli, M. J. I. Briones, J. P. Sousa, J. Römbke & P. Lavelle (2018): The role of soil fauna in soil health and delivery of ecosystem services. – In: Reicosky, D. (ed.): Managing soil health for sustainable agriculture, Volume 1: Fundamentals – Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Oxford: 197–241.
Coates, K.A. Phylogeny and origins of Enchytraeidae. Hydrobiologia 180: 17–33.
Coleman, D. C. & D. H. Wall (2015): Soil fauna: Occurrence, biodiversity, and roles in ecosystem function. – In: Paul E. (ed): Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry, 4th ed. – Academic Press, Waltham: 111–149.
Coleman, D. C., D. A. Crossley Jr. & P. F. Hendrix (2004): Fundamentals of soil ecology, 2nd ed. – Academic Press, Cambridge: 408 pp.
Comec, Coordenação da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (2017): Região metropolitana de Curitiba. Revista Comec, Curitiba. [http://www.comec.pr.gov.br/Pagina/Regiao-Metropolitana-de-Curitiba]
Conti, F.D. (2015): Conservation agriculture and soil fauna: Only benefits or also potential threats? A review. – EC Agriculture 2: 473–482.
Decaëns, T., J. J. Jiménez, E. Barros, A. Chauvel, E. Blanchart, C. Fragoso & P. Lavelle (2004): Soil macrofaunal communities in permanent pastures derived from tropical forest or savanna. – Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103:301–312.
Demetrio, W. C., A. Santos, T. Ferreira, N. Nadolny, G. B. X. Cardoso, J. L. Torres, E. da Silva, G.G. Brown & M. L. C. Bartz (2018): Earthworm species in various land use systems in the Campos Gerais region of Lapa, Paraná, Brazil. – Zootaxa 4496: 503–516.
Demetrio, W. C., R. H. Ribeiro, H. Nadolny, M. L. C. Bartz & G. G. Brown (2019): Earthworms in Brazilian no-tillage agriculture: Current status and future challenges. – European Journal of Soil Science Special Issue: 1–19. [https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12918]
Domínguez, A., J. C. Bedano, A. R. Becker & R. V. Arolfo (2014): Organic farming fosters agroecosystem functioning in Argentinian temperate soils: Evidence from litter decomposition and soil fauna. – Applied Soil Ecology 83: 170–176.
Duarte, M. M. (2000): Abundância de microartrópodes do solo em gradientes de mato, borda e campo na fazenda Boa Vista, Muitos Capões, RS. – In: Anais da Fertbio 2000: Biodinâmica do solo: Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo and Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CD-ROM: 1-3.
EMATER, Instituto Paranaense de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural. Realidade Municipal – Quitandinha, Ano Agrícola 2013 (2014). Escritório Local de Quitandinha. EMATER, Curitiba.
FAO and ITPS. 2015. Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy.
FAO and WRB, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015): World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015, Reports No. 106. – FAO, Rome: 203 pp.
Fiera, C., W. Ulrich, D. Popescu, J. Buchholz, P. Querner, C.-I. Bunea, P. Strauss, T. Bauer, S. Kratschmer, S. Winter, J. G. Zaller (2020): Tillage intensity and herbicide application influence surface-active springtail (Collembola) communities in Romanian vineyards. – Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 300: 107006.
Fragoso, C., G. Brown, J. Patrón, E. Blanchart, P. Lavelle, B. Pashanasi, B. Senapati & T. Kumar (1997): Agricultural intensification, soil biodiversity and agroecosystem function in the tropics: the role of earthworms. – Applied Soil Ecology 6:17–35.
Freitas, M. P. (2007): Flutuação populacional de oligochaeta edáficos em hortas sob sistemas convencional e orgânico no município de Canoinhas/SC. Masters’s Dissertation, – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba: 72 pp.
Gergócs, V. & L. Hufnagel (2009): Application of oribatid mites as indicators. – Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 7: 79–98.
Heisler, C. & E. A. Kaiser (1995): Influence of agricultural traffic and crop management on collembola and microbial biomass in arable soil. – Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 159–165.
Holland, J. M. (2004): The environmental consequences of adopting conservation tillage in Europe: reviewing the evidence. – Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103: 1–25.
House, G. J. & R.W. Parmelee (1985): Comparison of soil arthropods and earthworms from conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems. – Soil & Tillage Research 5: 351–360.
IBAMA, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (2018): Relatórios de comercialização de agrotóxicos [https://www.ibama.gov.br/phocadownload/qualidadeambiental/relatorios/2017/01.Os_10_IAs_vendidos_2017.xlsx].
IBGE, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2018). Censo Agropecuário 2017. – IBGE, Rio de Janeiro.
ISO, International Organization For Standardization (2007). ISO 23611-3: soil quality: Sampling and soil extraction of enchytraeids. – ISO, Geneva: 14 pp.
Jänsch, S., J. Römbke & W. Didden (2005): The use of enchytraeids in ecological classification and assessment concepts. – Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 62: 266–277.
Kamau, S., E. Barrios, N. K. Karanja, F. O. Ayuke & J. Lehmann (2017): Spatial variation of soil macrofauna and nutrients in tropical agricultural systems influenced by historical charcoal production in South Nandi, Kenya. – Applied Soil Ecology 119: 286–293.
Kapusta, P., L. Sobczyk, A. Rożen & J. Weiner (2003): Species diversity and spatial distribution of enchytraeid communities in forest soils: effects of habitat characteristics and heavy metal contamination. – Applied Soil Ecology 23: 187–198.
Kassam, A., T. Friedrich & R. Derpsch (2018): Global spread of conservation agriculture. – International Journal of Environmental Studies 76: 29–51.
Ketterings, Q. M., J. M. Blair & J. C. Y. Marinissen (1997): Effects of earthworms on soil aggregate stability and carbon and nitrogen storage in a legume cover crop agroecosystem. – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29: 401–408.
Kladivko, E. J. (2001): Tillage systems and soil ecology. – Soil and Tillage Research 61: 61–76.
Lavelle, P., D. Bignell, W. Heal, M. Lepage, P. Roger & S. Dhillion (1997): Soil function in a changing world: the role of invertebrate ecosystem engineers. – European Journal of Soil Biology 33:159–193.
Lavelle, P., T. Decaëns, M. Aubert, S. Barot, M. Blouin, F. Bureau, P. Margerie, P. Mora P & J. P. Rossi (2006): Soil invertebrates and ecosystem services. – European Journal of Soil Biology 42: S3–S15.
Lavelle, P., B. Pashanasi & P. Lavelle (1989): Soil macrofauna and land management in Peruvian Amazonia (Yurimaguas, Loreto). – Pedobiologia 33: 283–292.
Lernoud, J. & H. Willer (2019): Current statistics on organic agriculture worldwide: Area, operators and market. – In: Willer, H. & J. Lernoud (eds): The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends 2019. – Research Institute of Organic Agriculture and IFOAM, Bonn: 36–128.
Lima, H. V., T. S. Oliveira, M. M. Oliveira, E. S. Mendonça & P. J. B. F. Lima (2007): Indicadores de qualidade do solo em sistemas de cultivo orgânico e convencional no semiárido cearense. – Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 31: 1085–1098.
Lima, S. K., M. Galiza, A. Valadares & F. Alves (2020): Produção e consumo de produtos orgânicos no mundo e no Brasil. – Texto Para Discussão IPEA 2358: 1–44.
Mäder, P., A. Fliessbach, D. Dubois, L. Gunst, P. Fried & U. Niggli (2002): Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. – Science 296: 1694–1697.
Magurran, A. E (2004): Measuring Biological Diversity, 1st ed. – Blackwell Publishing, Malden: 264 pp.
Maluche, C. R. D., J. C. P. Santos, D. Sinhorati, C. V. T. Amarante & D. Baretta (2006): Fauna edáfica como bioindicadora da qualidade do solo em pomares de macieiras conduzidos nos sistemas orgânico e convencional. – Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia 1: 1389–1393.
Marchiori, A. C. C. (2008): Sustentabilidade de sistemas de produção de gengibre (Zingiber officinale R.) consorciado com leguminosas no Bioma Mata Atlântica em Ubatuba. PhD Thesis, – Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica: 162 pp.
Marichal, R., A. Feijoo, C. Praxedes, D. Ruiz, A. F. Carjaval, J. Oszwald, M. del PilarHurtado, G. G. Brown, M. Grimaldi, T. Desjardins, M. Sarrazin, T. Decaens, E. Velásquez & P. Lavelle (2010): Invasion of Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae, Oligochaeta) in landscapes of the Amazonian deforestation arc. – Applied Soil Ecology 46: 443–449.
Marichal, R., M. Grimaldi, M. A. Feijoo, J. Oszwald, C. Praxedes, D. H. R. Cobo, H. M. del Pilar, T. Desjardins, M. L. da Silva Junior, L. G. da Silva Costa, I. S. Miranda, M. N. D. Oliveira, G. G. Brown, S. Tsélouiko, M. B. Martins, T. Decaëns, E. Velasquez & P. Lavelle (2014): Soil macroinvertebrate communities and ecosystem services in deforested landscapes of Amazonia. – Applied Soil Ecology 83: 177–185.
Marques, R. & A. C. V. Motta (2003): Análise química do solo para fins de fertilidade. – In: Lima M. R. (ed): Manual de Diagnóstico da Fertilidade e Manejo dos Solos Agrícolas, 2 ed. –Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Curitiba: 82–102.
Mazzoleni, E. M. & J. M. Nogueira (2006): Agricultura orgânica: características básicas do seu produtor. – Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 44: 263–293.
Nadolny, H. H., A. Santos, W. Demetrio, T. Ferreira, L. S. Maia, A. C. Conrado, M. Bartz, M. Garrastazu, E. da Silva, P. Lavelle, D. Baretta, A. Pasini, F. Vezzani, J. P. Souza, L. Cunha, J. Mathieu, J. Römbke & G. G. Brown (2019): Data from: Recommendations for assessing earthworm populations in Brazilian ecosystems, v.5, Dryad. [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4md0s64]
Nakamoto, T., J. Yamagishi & F. Miura (2006): Effect of reduced tillage on weeds and soil organisms in winter wheat and summer maize cropping on Humic Andosols in central Japan. – Soil and Tillage Research 85: 94–106.
Niva, C. C., J. Römbke, R. M. Schmelz & G. G. Brown (2010): Enquitreídeos (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta, Annelida). – In: Moreira, F.M.S., E.J. Huising & D.E. Bignell (eds): Manual de biologia dos solos tropicais: amostragem e caracterizacão da biodiversidade. – UFLA, Lavras: 351–365.
Niva, C. C., R. M. Cezar, P. M. Fonseca, M. R. G. Zagatto, E. M. Oliveira, E. F. Bush, L. A. Clasen & G. G. Brown (2015): Enchytraeid abundance in Araucaria Mixed Forest determined by cold and hot wet extraction. – Brazilian Journal of Biology 75: S169–S175.
Oksanen, J., R. Kindt, P. Legendre, B. O’hara, G. L. Simpson, M. Henry, H. Stevens & H. Wagner (2019): Vegan: Community ecology package. R package version 2.5-6 [http://vegan.r-forge.r-project.org/].
Oliveira-Filho, L. C. I., D. Baretta, J. M. Pereira & E. J. B. N. Cardoso (2018): Fauna edáfica em ecossistemas florestais. – In: Fontes, N.L.P. & P. Fortes Neto (eds.): Ciências Ambientais, vol. II. – UNITAU, São Paulo: 10–48.
Orgiazzi, A., P. Panagos, Y. Yigini, M. B. Dunbar, C. Gardi, L. Montanarella & C. Ballabio (2016): A knowledge-based approach to estimating the magnitude and spatial patterns of potential threats to soil biodiversity. – Science of the Total Environment 545–546: 11–20.
Pandolfo, C. M., C. A. Ceretta, M. Veiga & E. Girotto (2005): Estudo da mesofauna edáfica em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo e fontes de nutrientes. – Agropecuária Catarinense 18: 63–67.
Peixoto, R. T. G. & A. I. Marochi (1996) A influência da minhoca Pheretima sp. nas propriedades de um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro álico e no desenvolvimento de culturas em sistema de plantio direto, em Arapoti – PR. – Revista Plantio Direto 35: 23–25.
Pelosi, C. & J. Rombke (2016): Are Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida) good indicators of agricultural management practices? – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 100: 255–263.
Pelosi, C., B. Pey, M. Hedde, G. Caro, Y. Capowiez, M. Guernion, J. Peigné, D. Piron, M. Bertrand & D. Cluzeau. (2014): Reducing tillage in cultivated fields increases earthworm functional diversity. – Applied Soil Ecology 83: 79–87.
Pereira, J. M., D. Baretta & E. J. B. N. Cardoso (2015): Fauna edáfica em florestas de Araucária. – In. Cardoso, E.J.B.N. & R.L.F. Vasconcellos (eds): Floresta com Araucária, composição florística e biota do solo. – FEALQ, Piracicaba: 153–180.
Pompeo, P. N., M. A. B. Santos, J. P. Biasi, S. F. Siqueira, M. G. Rosa, C. R. D. M. Baretta & Baretta D (2016): Fauna e sua relação com atributos edáficos em Lages, Santa Catarina - Brasil. – Scientia Agraria 17: 42–51.
Ponge, J. F., G. Pérès, M. Guernion, N. Ruiz-Camacho, J. Cortet, C. Pernin, C. Villenave, R. Chaussod, F. Martin-Laurent, A. Bispo & D. Cluzeau (2013): The impact of agricultural practices on soil biota: a regional study. – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 67: 271–284.
Quadros, V. J., Z. I. Antoniolli, C. A. Casali, G. L. Denega, M. Lupatini, R. B. Steffen & S. B. Pujol (2009): Fauna edáfica em sistemas de cultivo de batata, soja, feijão e milho. – Ciência e Natura UFSM 31: 115–130.
Ratnadass, A., R. Randriamanantsoa, H. P. Aberlenc, E. Rafamatanantsoa, T. E. Rajaonera & P. Letourmy (2017): Impacts of some upland rice-based cropping systems on soil macrofauna abundance and diversity and black beetle damage to rice. – Crop Protection 100:150–156.
Reeleder, R. D., J. J. Miller, B. R. Coelho & R. C. Roy (2006): Impacts of tillage, cover crop, and nitrogen on populations of earthworms, microarthropods, and soil fungi in a cultivated fragile soil. – Applied Soil Ecology 33: 243–257.
Ricci, M. S. F., A. M. Aquino, E. M. R. Silva, J. C. Pereira & V. M. Reis (1999): Transformações biológicas e microbiológicas ocorridas no solo de um cafezal convencional em conversão para orgânico. – Seropédica: Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, Comunicado Técnico 31: 1-10.
Righi, G. (1995): Colombian earthworms. – In: van der Hammen, T. (ed.): Studies on tropical Andean ecosystems, Vol. 4. – Cramer, Berlin: 485–607.
Römbke, J. (2007): Enchytraeidae of tropical soils: State of the art - with special emphasis on Latin America. – Folia Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis Biologia 110:157–181.
Römbke, J., J. P. Sousa, T. Schouten & F. Riepert (2006): Monitoring of soil organisms: a set of standardized field methods proposed by ISO. – European Journal of Soil Biology 42: S61–S64.
Römbke, J., R. Collado, H. Höfer, R. Ottermanns, F. Raub, M. Ross-Nickoll & R. M. Schmelz (2015): Species diversity of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in pastures, regenerating secondary forests, and old-growth forests in the southern Mata Atlântica (Brazil). – Soil Organisms 87: 101–120.
Rousseau, L., S. J. Fonte, O. Téllez, R. Van Der Hoek & P. Lavelle (2013): Soil macrofauna as indicators of soil quality and land use impacts in smallholder agroecosystems of western Nicaragua. – Ecological Indicators 27: 71–82.
Ruiz, N. C., P. Lavelle & J. J. Jiménez (2008): Soil macrofauna field manual. Technical level. FAO, Rome.
Sautter, K. D., H. R. dos Santos, P. J. R. Júnior (1999): Comparação das comunidades de Entomobryidae e Isotomidae (Collembola) entre plantio direto em três níveis de fertilidade, plantio convencional e um ecossistema natural (campo nativo) em Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. – Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 16: 117–124.
Schmelz, R. M., R. M. Collado & J. Römbke (2009): Benefits from ecological study methods to taxonomy of enchytraeids in southern Mata Atlântica. – Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44: 861–867.
Schmelz, R. M., C. C. Niva, J. Römbke & R. Collado (2013): Diversity of terrestrial Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in Latin America: Current knowledge and future research potential. – Applied Soil Ecology 69:13–20.
Sheibani, S. & A. G. Ahangar (2013): Effect of tillage on soil biodiversity. – Journal of Novel Applied Sciences 2: 273–281.
Silva, E., O.G. Lima, D.P. Andrade & G.G. Brown (2019): Earthworm populations in forestry plantations (Araucaria angustifolia, Pinus elliottii) and Native Atlantic forest in Southern Brazil compared using two sampling methods. – Pedobiologia 72: 1–7.
Silva, J., I. Jucksch, C. I. M. A. Feres & R. C. Tavares (2012): Fauna do solo em sistemas de manejo com café. – Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 3: 59–71.
Souza, M. E. P. (2010): Oligochaetas em solos sob sistemas de manejos a pleno sol e agroflorestal e vermicompostagem associada com pós de rochas. Master’s Dissertation, – Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa: 72 pp.
Tanck, B. C. B., H. R. Santos & J. A. Dionísio (2000): Influência de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo sobre a flutuação populacional do oligochaeta edáfico Amynthas spp. – Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 24: 409–415.
Teixeira, P. C., G. K. Donagemma, A. Fontana & W. G. Teixeira (2017): Manual de métodos de análise de solo, 3rd ed. – Embrapa, Brasília: 577 pp.
Trogello, E., A. G. Trogello & E. R. Silveira (2008): Avaliação da fauna do solo em diferentes sistemas de cultivo, milho orgânico e milho em plantio direto. – Revista Brasileira de Biociências 6: 25–26.
USDA (1999): Soil Taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys, 2nd ed. – Government Printing Office, Washington: 886 pp.
Uzêda, M. C., M. A. Garcia & J. R. Costa (2007): Análise das relacões entre populacões de enchytraeidae e minhocas e seu uso como bioindicador da qualidade do solo. – In: Brown, G.G. & C. Fragoso (eds): Minhocas na América Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. – Embrapa Soja, Londrina: 489–495.
Van Capelle, C., S. Schrader & J. Brunotte (2012): Tillage-induced changes in the functional diversity of soil biota – A review with a focus on German data. – European Journal of Soil Biology 50: 165–181.
Van Vliet, P. C. J. & P. F. Hendrix (2012): 25.5 Enchytraeidae - Oligochaeta. – In: Huang, P. H., Y. Li & M. E. Sumner (eds.): Handbook of soil sciences: Properties and processes. – CRC Press, Boca Raton: 26–35.
Van Vliet, P. C. J., M. H. Beare & D. C. Coleman (1995): Population dynamics and functional roles of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in hardwood forest and agricultural ecosystems. – Plant and Soil, 170: 199–207.
Velasquez, E., P. Lavelle & M. Andrade (2007): GISQ, a multifunctional indicator of soil quality. – Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39: 3066–3080.
Vilela, G. F., J. A. C. Mangabeira, L. A. Magalhães & S. G. Tôsto (2019): Agricultura orgânica no Brasil: um estudo sobre o Cadastro Nacional de Produtores Orgânicos. – Embrapa Territorial, Campinas, Documentos 127: 1–20.
Wardle, D. A. (1995): Impacts of soil disturbance on detritus food webs in agro-ecosystems of contrasting tillage and weed management practices. – Advances in Ecological Research 26: 105–185.
Zagatto, M. R. G., C. C. Niva, M. J. Thomazini, D. Baretta, A. Santos, H. Nadolny, G. B. X. Cardoso & G. G. Brown (2017): Soil invertebrates in different land use systems: how integrated production systems and seasonality affect soil mesofauna communities. – Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 7: 158–169.
Zagatto, M. R. G., L. A. Zanão Junior, A. P. A. Pereira, G. Estrada-Bonilla & E. J. B. N. Cardoso (2019): Soil mesofauna in consolidated land use systems: how management affects soil and litter. – Scientia Agricola 76: 165–171.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Soil Organisms is committed to fair open access publishing. All articles are available online without publication fees. Articles published from Vol. 96 No. 3 (2024) onwards are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Articles published from Vol. 80 No. 1 through Vol. 96 No. 2 are available under the previous terms, allowing non-commercial, private, and scientific use.
