Deep soil floatation in Chile reveals diverse and mainly nameless fauna of endogean beetles (Coleoptera)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25674/416Keywords:
Coleoptera, beetle, deep soil, ChileAbstract
We present the findings of a field survey conducted to study deep soil (=endogean) beetles in Chile. We have analysed 50 soil samples, each weighing about 120 kg, collected from 15 central Chilean forested localities along or near the Coastal Range between Valdivia and Santiago. We illustrate all 2,037 adult specimens of Chilean endogean beetles. These specimens include representatives of 11 families: Carabidae, Corylophidae, Curculionidae (subfamilies Cossoninae, Cyclominae, and Raymondionyminae), an unidentified family of Elateroidea, as well as Eupsilobiidae, Leiodidae, Ptiliiidae, Scarabaeidae, Staphylinidae (subfamilies Aleocharinae, Euaesthetinae, Leptotyphlinae, Osoriinae, Pselaphinae, Scydmaeninae, and Staphylininae), Tenebrionidae, and Zopheridae. The most abundant groups are Leptotyphlinae, Leiodidae and Pselaphinae accounting for 45%, 17%, and 17% of all specimens, respectively. The number of adult endogean beetles per soil sample varied between 1 and 150, with an average of 41 specimens (equivalent to an average of 0.34 specimens per kilogram of soil). For each of the 15 sampled localities, specimens were classified to morphospecies, and for each morphospecies we provide the most accurate identification currently possible, considering that most of the species detected are either unnamed or belong to taxonomically challenging groups. In addition, for each morphospecies and locality at least one specimen was selected to be individually vouchered, DNA extracted, and sequenced for the reference barcode DNA fragment in Metazoa. A total of 190 specimens were selected, obtaining barcode sequences for 187 (98.4% success rate) which are provided in an open access DNA barcode library at BOLD Systems (dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-VGDS28). Obtained sequences were clustered by BOLD Systems in 119 BINs, all corresponding to unique BINs exclusively formed by the newly generated sequences. In addition, when compared to NCBI databases, sequences yielded no matches with a similarity higher than 97%. The comparison with both, BOLD Systems and NCBI databases, supports that none of the deep soil beetle species here collected in Chile has been previously DNA barcoded. We conclude that the deep-soil beetle fauna of Chile is much richer than previously known and mainly unnamed at the species level.
References
Andújar, C., P. Arribas, F. Ruzicka, A. Crampton-Platt, M.J.T.N. Timmermans & A. Vogler (2015): Phylogenetic community ecology of soil biodiversity using mitochondrial metagenomics. – Molecular Ecology 24: 3603–3617 [https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13195].
Andújar, C., A. Faille, S. Pérez-González, J. P. Zaballos, A. P. Vogler & I. Ribera (2016): Gondwanian relicts and oceanic dispersal in a cosmopolitan radiation of euedaphic ground beetles. – Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99: 235–246 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.013].
Andújar, C., P. Hlaváč & V. V. Grebennikov (2024): Mitochondrial phylogenomics reveals the sister relationship between the endogean Mediterranean raymondionymine weevils and the remaining 51,000+ Curculionidae (Coleoptera). – Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny XX: XXX–XXX [https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.XXXX].
Andújar, C. & V. V. Grebennikov (2021): Endogean beetles (Coleoptera) of Madagascar: deep soil sampling and illustrated overview. – Zootaxa 4963: 317–334 [https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4963.2.4].
Arribas, P., C. Andújar, A. Salces-Castellano, B. C. Emerson & A. P. Vogler (2021): The limited spatial scale of dispersal in soil arthropods revealed with whole-community haplotype-level metabarcoding. – Molecular Ecology 30: 48–61 [https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15591].
Asenjo, A., U. Irmler, J. Klimaszewski, D. S. Chandler, H. E. Fierros-López & J. S. Vieira (2019): Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in Latin America: synopsis, annotated catalog, diversity and distribution. – Zootaxa 4621: 1–406 [https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4621.1.1].
Austin, A., M. Guzik, K. Jones, W. Humphreys, C. Watts & S. J. B. Cooper (2023): The unique Australian subterranean Dytiscidae: diversity, biology, and evolution. – In: Yee, D. A. (ed.): Ecology, Systematics, and the Natural History of Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). – Springer, Chasm: 401–425 [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01245-7_9].
Baehr, M. (2014): Three new species and a new genus of Zuphiini from the Pilbara, north-western Australia (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Zuphiini). – Records of the Western Australian Museum 29: 95–104 [https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.29(2).2014.095-104].
Barrios-Izás, M. A., C. Andújar & V. V. Grebennikov (2024): Endogean beetles (Coleoptera) of Guatemala: deep soil sampling and illustrated DNA barcode library. – Soil Organisms 96: 1–9 [https://doi.org/10.25674/349].
Bekchiev, R. & B. Guéorguiev (2014): First purposive study of beetles (Coleoptera) from endogean environments in Bulgaria: collection sites and preliminary results. – Biodiversity Journal 5: 327–340.
Baviera, C., C. Bellò & G. Osella (2012): First record of the genus Bordoniola Osella, 1987 in Ecuador with description of five new species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Raymondionyminae). – Zootaxa 3455: 69–80.
Bocak, L., R. Kundata, C. Andujar Fernandez & A. P. Vogler (2016): The discovery of Iberobaeniidae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea): a new family of beetles from Spain, with immatures detected by environmental DNA sequencing. – Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, 20152350: 7 pp. [https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2350].
Bonniard de Saludo, P. (1969): Nouveaux carabiques du Chili. – Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 105(3-4): 311–328.
Caterino, M. S. & E. Recuero (2024): Shedding light on dark taxa in sky-island Appalachian leaf litter: Assessing patterns of endemicity using large-scale, voucher-based barcoding. – Insect Conservation and Diversity 17: 16–30 [https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12697].
Cicchino, A. C. & S. Roig-Juñent (2001): Description and relationships of Paranillopsis new genus, two new species from Argentina, and a key to the Neotropical genera of the subtribe Anillina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini). – The Coleopterists Bulletin 55: 185–193 [https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2001)055[0185:DAROPN]2.0.CO;2].
Coiffait, H. (1958): Les coléoptères du sol. Supplément numéro 7 à Vie et Milieu. Bulletin du Laboratoire Aragó. Actualités scientifiques et industrielles 1260. – Editions scientifiques Hermann, Paris, 204 pp.
Douglas, H. B., R. Kundrata, A. J. Brunke, H. E. Escalona, J. T. Chapados, J. Eyres, R. Richter, K. Savard, A. Ślipiński, D. McKenna & J. R. Dettman (2021) Anchored phylogenomics, evolution and systematics of Elateridae: Are all bioluminescent Elateroidea derived click beetles? – Biology 10(6) 451: 25 pp. [https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10060451].
Drumont, A., H. Raemdonck, L. Dahan, M. Delbol & A. Kuhn A. (2020): Note sur la présence en Belgique de Ferreria marqueti (Aubé, 1863) (Insecta, Coleoptera, Curculionidae). – Le Coléoptériste 23: 19–23.
Elgueta, M. & A. E. Marvaldi (2006): Lista sistemática de las especies de Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) presentes en Chile, con su sinonímia. – Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 55: 113–153.
Fancello, L., C. Hernando & P. Leo (2009): The endogean beetle fauna of the Marganai-Oridda-Valle del Leni area (SW Sardinia), with description of seven new species of Staphylinidae Leptotyphlinae (Coleoptera). – Zootaxa 2318: 317–338.
Folmer, O., M. Black, W. Hoeh, R. Lutz & R. Vrijenhoek (1994): DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. – Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3: 294–299.
García, R., C. Andújar, P. Oromí, B. C. Emerson & H. López H. (2019): The discovery of Barretonus (Curculionidae: Cossoninae) in the Canary Islands: barcoding, morphology and description of new species. – Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 59: 443–452 [https://doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2019-0033].
Giachino, P. M., S. Eberhard & G. Perina (2021): A rich fauna of subterranean short-range endemic Anillini (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae) from semi-arid regions of Western Australia. – ZooKeys 1044: 269–337 [https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.58844].
Giachino, P. M. & D. Vailati (2010): The subterranean environment. Hypogean life, concepts and collecting techniques. L’ambiente sotterraneo. Vita ipogea, concetti e tecniche di raccolta. WBA Handbooks 3. – World Biodiversity Association, Verona: 130 pp.
Grebennikov, V. V. & A. F. Newton (2008): Minute larvae of Leptotyphlinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): description of three genera with discussion on the monophyly and phylogenetic position of the subfamily as inferred from larval morphology. – Zootaxa 1817: 49–58.
Guzik, M. T., A. D. Austin, S. J. B. Cooper, M. S. Harvey, W. F. Humphreys, T. Bradford, S. M. Eberhard, R. A. King, R. Leys, K. A. Muirhead & M. Tomlinson (2011): Is the Australian subterranean fauna uniquely diverse? – Invertebrate Systematics 24: 407–418 [https://doi.org/10.1071/IS10038].
Hartley, A. J., G. Chong, J. Houston & A. E. Mather (2005): 150 million years of climatic stability: evidence from the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. – Journal of the Geological Society 162: 421–424 [https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-071].
Hebert, P. D. N., S. Ratnasingham & J. R. DeWaard (2003): Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. – Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270: 96–99 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0025].
Herman, L. H. (2001a): Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the end of the second millennium. III. Oxyteline Group. – Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 265: 1067–1806.
Herman, L. H. (2001b): Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the end of the second millennium. IV. Staphylinine Group (Part 1). – Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 265: 1807–2440.
Howden, A. T. (1992): Review of the New World eyeless weevils with uncinate tibiae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae; Molytinae, Cryptorhynchinae, Cossoninae). – Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 162: 1–76 [https://doi.org/10.4039/entm124162fv].
Hu, F.-S., E. Arriaga-Varela, G. Biffi, L. Bocák, P. Bulirsch, A. F. Damaška, J. Frisch, J. Hájek, P. Hlaváč, B.-H. Ho & et al. (2024): Forest leaf litter beetles of Taiwan: first DNA barcodes and first insight into the fauna. – Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 71: 17–47 [https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.71.112278].
Irmler, U. (2001): New Neotropical species of the genera Clavilispinus, Aneucamptus, Thoracophorus, and Holotrochus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Osoriinae). – Amazoniana 16: 349–361.
Irmler, U. (2016): A new genus and new species of Neotropical Thoracophorini (Coleoptera: staphylinidae: Osoriinae). – Bonn Zoological Bulletin 64(2): 109–116.
Ivie, M.A., N. P. Lord, I. A. Foley & S. A. Ślipiński (2016): Colydiine genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: a key and nomenclatural acts 30 years in the making. – The Coleopterists Bulletin 70: 755–788 [https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-70.4.755].
Jałoszyński, P. & A. F. Newton (2017): Taxonomy of ‘Euconnus complex’. Part XV. Disentangling the Euconnus-Sciacharis knot (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae). – Zootaxa 4344: 401–443 [https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4344.3.1].
Jamieson, A.J. & J. N. J. Weston (2023): Amphipoda from depths exceeding 6,000 meters revisited 60 years on. – Journal of Crustacean Biology 43: 1–28 [https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruad020].
Jeannel, R. (1962a): Les Psélaphides de la Paléantarctide occidentale. – In: Deboutteville, C. D. & E. Rapoport (eds): Biologie de l’Amérique Australe. Vol. I. – Etudes sur la
Faune du Sol. – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris: 295–479.
Jeannel, R. (1962b): Les Trechides de la Paléantarctide occidentale. – In: Deboutteville, C. D. & E. Rapoport (eds): Biologie de l’Amérique Australe. Vol. I. – Etudes sur la
Faune du Sol. – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris: 527–655.
Leschen, R. A. B. (1996): Phylogeny and revision of the genera of Cryptophagidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). – The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 55: 549–634.
Magrini, P. & A. Benelli (2018): Note sul genere Perucharidius Mateu & Etonti, 2002 con descrizione di una nuova specie (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Anillina). – Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 15(63): 63–74.
Mateu, J. & M. Etonti (2002): Perucharidius andinus gen. n., sp. n. di Anillini del Peru settentrionale (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Anillini). – Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Trieste 49: 129–132.
Miller, M., W. Pfeiffer & T. Schwartz (2010): Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. – 2010 Gateway Computing Environments Workshop, New Orleans, Louisiana 2010: 1–8 [https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129].
Moat, J., A. Orellana-Garcia, C. Tovar, M. Arakaki, C. Arana, A. Cano, L. Faundez, M. Gardner, M., Hechenleitner, M., J. Hepp & et al. (2021): Seeing through the clouds – mapping desert fog oasis ecosystems using 20 years of MODIS imagery over Peru and Chile. – International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinfmation 103, 102468: 13 pp. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102468]
Morrone, J. J. (2013): The subtribes and genera of the tribe Listroderini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Cyclominae): Phylogenetic analysis with systematic and biogeographical accounts. – ZooKeys 273: 15–71 [https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.273.4116].
Morrone, J. J., & R. S. Anderson (1995): The Falklandius generic group: Cladistic analysis with description of new taxa (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhytirrhinini). – American Museum Novitates 3121: 1–14 [http://hdl.handle.net/2246/3563].
Muona, J., H. Chang & D. Ren (2020): The clicking Elateroidea from Chinese Mesozoic deposits (Insecta, Coleoptera). – Insects 11, 875: 16 pp. [https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11120875].
Newton, A. F. (1985): South temperate Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera): their potential for biogeographic analysis of austral disjunctions. – In: Ball, G. E. (ed.): Taxonomy, phylogeny and zoogeography of beetles and ants. – Series Entomologica 33. – W. Junk, Dordrecht: 180–220.
Newton, A. F. (1998): Phylogenetic problems, current classification and generic catalogue of world Leiodidae (including Cholevinae). In: Phylogeny and evolution of subterranean and endogean Cholevidae (=Leiodidae Cholevinae), proceedings of XX international congress of Entomology, Firenze, 1996. – Atti del Museo regionale di Scienze naturali, Torino: 41–178.
Newton, A. F. (2000): The turtle Leiodid, a Chilean enigma. – Abstracts book II, XXIth International Congress of Entomology, Foz do Iguassu: 935 p.
Nishikawa, M. (2018): Muganryus susumui gen. et sp. nov. (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Catopocerinae) from Hokkaido, a beetle subfamily new for the Japanese fauna. – Elytra, New Series 8(2): 407–416.
Olberg, S. & K. M. Olsen (2009) The genus Anommatus Wesmael, 1835 (Coleoptera, Bothrideridae) in Norway. – Norwegian Journal of Entomology 56: 143–145.
Pakaluk, J. & S. A. Ślipiński (1990): Review of Eupsilobiinae (Coleoptera: Endomychidae) with descriptions of new genera and species from South America. – Revue Suisse de Zoologie 97: 705–728.
Parra-Gómez, A. & L. D. Fernández (2022): Filling gaps in the diversity and biogeography of Chilean millipedes (Myriapoda: Diplopoda). – Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 80: 561–573 [https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.80.e86810].
Pérez-Delgado, A. J., P. Arribas, C. Hernando, L. López, Y. Arjona, D. Suárez-Ramos, B. C. Emerson & C. Andújar (2022): Hidden island endemic species and their implications for cryptic speciation within soil arthropods. – Journal of Biogeography 49: 1367–1380 [https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14388].
Peck, S. B. & J. Cook (2011): Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae). – Zootaxa 3077: 1–118.
Perreaut, M. (2019): Archaeocerus uenoi n. gen. n. sp. (Coleoptera Leiodidae Catopocerinae) from Albian/Cenomanian age amber of Myanmar. – Zootaxa 4638: 595–600 [https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4638.4.9].
Perreau, M. & J. Růžička (2007): Systematic position of Perkovskius Lafer 1989 (Coleoptera: Leiodidae), with description of a second species from Far East of Russia. – Annales de la Société entomologique de France (Nouvelle Série) 43: 257–264 [https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2007.10697521].
Pizarro-Araya, J., E. V. Villalobos, F. M. Alfaro & A. Moreira-Muñoz (2023): Conservation efforts in need of survey improvement in epigean beetles from the Atacama coast, Chile. – Journal of Arid Environments 214, 104995: 8 pp. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.104995].
Rambaut, A. (2020): FigTree. Version 1.4.4. Program and documentation. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 19 April 2024).
Ratnasingham, S. & P. D. N. Hebert (2007): BOLD: the barcode of life data system. – Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 355–364 [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x].
Ratnasingham, S. & P. D. N. Hebert (2013): A DNA-based registry for all animal species: the barcode index number (BIN) system. – PLoS ONE 8 (8), e66213: 1–16 [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066213].
Robertson, J. A., A. Ślipiński, K. Hiatt, K. B. Miller, M. F. Whiting & J. V. McHugh (2012): Molecules, morphology and minute hooded beetles: a phylogenetic study with implications for the evolution and classification of Corylophidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). – Systematic Entomology 38: 209–232 [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00655.x].
Roig-Juñent, S. & M. Domínguez (2001): Diversidad de la familia Carabidae (Coleoptera) en Chile. – Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74: 549–571 [https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2001000300006].
Rosa, S. P., C. Costa, K. Kramp & R. Kundrata (2021): Hidden diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest: The discovery of Jurasaidae, a new beetle family (Coleoptera, Elateroidea) with neotenic females. – Scientific Reports 10, 1544: 12 pp. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58416-6].
Rundel, P., W., M. O. Dillon, B. Palma, H. A. Mooney, S. L. Gulmon & J. R. Ehleringer (1991): The phytogeography and ecology of the coastal Atacama and Peruvian deserts. – Aliso 13: 1–49 [https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.19911301.02].
Sáiz, F. (1973): Un nouveau Geomitopsis du Chili (Col. Staphylinidae). – Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie 3: 19–21.
Sáiz, F. (1974) Revisión de la subfamilia Leptotyphlinae (Col. Staph.) en Chile, con notas sobre du ecologia y su biogeografia. (II Contribución). – Revista Chilena de Entomología 8: 47–66.
Shokralla, S., T. M. Porter, J. F. Gibson, R. Dobosz, D. H. Janzen, W. Hallwachs, G. B. Golding & M. Hajibabaei (2015): Massively parallel multiplex DNA sequencing for specimen identification using an Illumina MiSeq platform. – Scientific Reports 5, 9687: 7 pp. [https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09687].
Spiessberger E. L. & M. A. Ivie (2020): A new genus and fourteen new species of Anopidiina (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Diaperinae: Gnathidiini) from the West Indies. – The Coleopterists Bulletin 74: 667–695 [https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-74.4.667].
Stamatakis, A. (2014): RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. – Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313 [https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033].
Stebnicka, Z.T., M. Dellacasa & P. E. Skelley (2003): Review of New World Aegialiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), with descriptions of two new genera from South America. – Insecta Mundi 17: 73–83.
Versluijs, R., M. Geertsma, R. Felix, H. Turin & T. van Noordwijk (2013): Eerste vondst van de blinde loopkever Anillus caecus in Nederland (Coleoptera: Carabidae). – Entomologische Berichten 185: 185–190.
Vidal, P. & M. Guerrero (2007): Los Tenebriónidos de Chile. – Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago: 478 pp.
von Beeren, C., S. Pohl, M. Fikaček, S. Kleinfelder, A. K. Tishechkin, S. Yamamoto, M. Chani-Posse, D. Żyła, A. Tokareva, M. Maruyama & et al. (2023): Army ant middens — home and nursery of a diverse beetle fauna. – Ecology and Evolution 13, e10451: 18 pp.
Yu, D.W., Y. Ji, B. C. Emerson, X. Wang, C. Ye, C. Yang & Z. Ding (2012): Biodiversity soup: Metabarcoding of arthropods for rapid biodiversity assessment and biomonitoring. – Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3(4): 613–623 [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00198.x].
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
All articles on www.soil-organisms.org may be read, copied, distributed, and (in limited quantity) printed for non-commercial, private, scientific purposes.
